In networking and communications, the formats, codes and procedures for transmitting a unit of data (frame, packet) from one node to another. Known as a "layer 2 protocol," the data link protocol is ...

We met Mr. Murphy, of “What can go wrong, will” infamy, in the introduction to failure modes and the discussion of failure modes at the foundation levels. Now we will learn his tricks on shared media ...

Layers 7 through 4 are geared more to the application than the lower layers, which are designed to move packets from one place to another no matter what they contain. This top layer defines the ...